Not displaying properly? Click here to read online.

Keep your hendra vaccination current

Vet John with Jessica and her 3yo clydesdale 'Kate' at Orange Vet Hospital yards. 'Kate' was visiting to have her Hendra vaccination booster and patiently waited whilst we took her photo for the newsletter.

Remember to keep your horse's hendra vaccination current if they require protection.

photo 60
Contents of this newsletter

01  Sore eyes

02  Pregnancy testing cows: too expensive not to do

03  Double trouble - twins in horses

04  Preventing arthritis in your lambs

05  Thinking about pregnancy testing your mare?

01 Sore eyes
clinicalsignsofpinkeye1

the first sign of pinkeye is a runny eye..

SetWidth600-images

Severe pinkeye

Pink eye is a common health issue during dry periods for our cattle farmers. Kate, one of our vets, explains what pink eye is, how we can help affected animals and strategies to reduce the incidence. 

What is pinkeye?

- inflammation to the eye or tissue surrounding the eye in cattle.

What causes pinkeye?

- caused by multiple factors occurring concurrently and may be bacterial, viral or parasitic in origin. Individual cattle susceptibility is influenced by

  • genetics
  • eye pigmentation
  • UV exposure
  • flies, dust, wind, high temperatures and foreign bodies
  • concurrent disease or stress
  • age
  • strength of the immune system

The condition presents as weeping eyes, white or red changes to the eye, and/or swelling of tissue surrounding the eye. It may be present in one or both eyes.

The Moraxella bovis bacteria, plays a significant role in the causation of pinkeye. There are 7 strains of this bacteria in Australia. Most herds have more than 1 strain at any one time. The bacteria can remain on wings and legs of flies for 3 days and can be carried from season to season in the nose of infected animals.  

How can we help affected animals?

Treating individual animals can be achieved by:

  • Topical antibiotics placed on the eye – Orbenin ointment maintains antibiotic levels in the eye for 48hrs
  • Patches over the eye help prevent flies, dust and wind spreading disease and reduce UV exposure allowing the eye to heal faster
  • Subconjunctival injections may be required in difficult cases – the tissue around the eye is injected with an antibiotic, steroid and antihistamine solution.
  • In severely inflamed eyes intramuscular antibiotics deliver high levels of antibiotics to the eye via the blood stream.
  • Pinkeye treatment also involves preventing the spread of disease. Think how mustering, stressing and handling stock may promote the spread of pinkeye especially in dusty yards.

The current Coopers® trivalent Piliguard® vaccine contains antigens for 3 of the M bovis strains. The effectiveness of the vaccine will be determined by prevalence of those 3 strains in your herd. Research indicates Piliguard® has the potential to reduce disease incidence by 50%. Therefore it should not be used as a single management tool for pinkeye. It should be combined with fly control, genetics, early treatment of affected animals, general health and thoughtful animal handling.

For advice, treatment information and products for pinkeye management please call us on 63618388.

 

02 Pregnancy testing cows: too expensive not to do
SetWidth600-preg-testing-1-of-1
SetWidth600-cows-in-a-field

Do you think pregnancy testing is expensive? If so, odds are that you haven’t really thought about why you do it in the first place!

Profitable production systems sail close to the wind. They strive to capitalise on all of their resources. Pregnancy diagnosis isn’t just about measuring the success of your bulls, predicting your next calf crop, or injecting cash flow into your enterprise - it is about ensuring that every cow on your property is working as hard as you are!

In essence, pregnancy diagnosis is about identifying empty cows and heifers earlier than they would have been otherwise. What is the advantage in this? Quite simply, empty animals can be removed nine months earlier than they would be if identified by wet/drying at calf marking!

If a beef property typically enjoys a 90% pregnancy rate, they could run an additional 7.5% breeders and turn off an additional 6.75% calves by routinely pregnancy testing. Let’s look at it another way…

If a producer’s cow running costs are $8 per week, or $416 per year, ¾ of the input costs from each empty cow could be salvaged by pregnancy testing. Essentially, each empty diagnosed saves the producer $312. At 10% empty, that equates to close to a $30 return on investment from pregnancy testing.

Is accuracy important? Absolutely. If a retained empty cow tears up $416, then every 1% error misdiagnosing an empty as pregnant costs the producer $4.16. If calves are worth $600, then every pregnant called empty costs the producer $600 minus $416, or $184.  Every 1% error misdiagnosing a pregnant animal as empty costs the producer $1.84.

If you still think pregnancy testing is expensive, maybe you should read through this article again - with close to a 1000% return on money spent, pregnancy diagnosis is perhaps the best investment beef producers can make!

More food for thought: click here to listen to a webinar on this topic by Meat & Livestock Australia.

03 Double trouble - twins in horses
SetWidth600-twin-pregnacy-mare
SetWidth600-horse-two-foals

As the title suggests, twins in mares don’t equal twice the fun. The mare’s uterus is designed to provide enough nutrients for one foal, but not two. The incidence of twins which make it to term, is generally around 1% of pregnancies. However, the number of mares that conceive twins is much higher. Most of these twin conceptions result in abortion.

It is important that we don’t let twins occur in mares. One study showed that only 11% of 130 mares carrying twins produced viable foals, then only 38% of these 130 mares went on to produce viable foals in the following breeding season.

These stats show that twinning is not good for either mare or foal. 

It is important that mares are examined early to detect twins. Examination around day 15 is the best time to detect twins and intervene to remove one of the twin embryos.

The incidence of twin births has been dramatically reduced by ultrasound. A skilled operator is able to reduce twin conceptions down to single pregnancy. Doing this maximises the chance that the mare will continue on with a single, healthy pregnancy.

Contact us to find out more about twin detection and management.

04 Preventing arthritis in your lambs
SetWidth600-sheepandlamb2

Infectious arthritis is a common disease in young lambs. Lambs suffering from the disease will be lame and reluctant to move, often with more than one joint affected. The joints are generally swollen, hot and painful to bend, most commonly at the knee, hock and carpus. In chronic cases the lambs appear to be thin and crippled, especially if more than one joint is involved.

Outbreaks of arthritis in lambs can be caused by a variety of bugs, but most commonly by Erysipelothrix, chlamydia, and a range of pyogenic bacteria. Most of these bacteria are normal environmental bacteria present on the skin, in faecal material and in the soil.

Arthritis in lambs most commonly results from a blood borne infection; in young lambs most commonly from navel-ill or from infected marking or mulesing wounds. Shearing wounds are a risk, particularly if sheep are dipped off shears as Erysipelothrix is a common dip contaminant. Thankfully, awareness of dipping hygiene and allowing sheep to recover from shearing wounds is making this less of a threat. Grass seeds can also cause wounds which allow the bacteria to enter.

Identification of the cause of the arthritis is critical in the treatment of the affected animals and the approach taken to treatment and prevention. A vaccine is available against Erysipelothrix infection and requires the ewe to be vaccinated to pass passive immunity to the lamb.

If caught early some forms of infection will respond well to antibiotic treatment. Long standing cases will usually involve irreversible damage in the joint.

Prevention is the best medicine and relies mainly on minimising bacterial infection of wounds. Important tips include:

  • Always have a high standard of hygiene at marking and mulesing and avoid performing these procedures in wet conditions
  • Wash your hands, wash your instruments and change your disinfectant regularly
  • Use a well-grassed, clean paddock and avoid holding lambs for a prolonged period time
  • Optimise wound healing
  • Avoid dipping off shears
  • Avoid dipping during times of grass seed infestation

By applying appropriate hygiene standards at marking, mulesing and dipping, the occurrence of bacterial arthritis in your lambs can be minimised. A vaccination programme may also be an effective  and economic  procedure.

05 Thinking about pregnancy testing your mare?
SetWidth600-Pregnant-pony

After a mare is joined with a stallion, it’s unlikely you want to wait 342 days (the average gestation length of a mare) to find out if she’s actually pregnant.

There is no better tool than ultrasound to determine the pregnancy status of a mare. The invention of ultrasonography and its widespread use in equine reproduction has vastly improved our ability to help manage pregnancy in mares. Foetal sexing is also possible if done between 55 to 70 days post-ovulation.

The earliest we might see a foetus on ultrasound is 10 days post-ovulation, however from a practical standpoint, the first examination is often postponed until approximately 15 days after ovulation. Timing of the initial examination and subsequent examinations will depend on factors such as breed, economics and the availability of the mare. Call us to find out when is the best time to scan your mare. 

There are other ways to determine if mares are pregnant. These can help determine the status of mares when ultrasound is not possible. Blood testing and urine testing are both possible and different tests are performed depending on the age of the foetus.

If you haven’t pregnancy tested your mare, talk to us.